[141] The pope also tried to mediate a truce between Charles and Michael, but the latter choose to attack the smaller states of the Balkans, including Charles' vassals. If Charles was identical with Stephen, he must have changed his name before the late 1230s. [76] To appease the pope, Charles resigned the senatorship in May. Charles’s transfer of his capital from Palermo to Naples and his introduction of French officials caused discontent in Sicily, where rebellion broke out in 1282 (see Sicilian Vespers). [26] However, they could not reach Cairo, because the Egyptian troops surrendered them on 6 April 1250. [42][51] The burghers of Marseilles expelled Charles' officials, but Barral of Baux stopped the spread of the rebellion before Charles' return. [32] Income from salt trade made up about 50% of comital revenues by the late 1250s. [32] The count's salt monopoly (or gabelle) was introduced in the whole county. [187] In December 1281, Charles again ordered the collection of the subventio generalis, requiring the payment of the 150% of the customary amount. [119], Charles accompanied Philip III as far as Viterbo in March 1271. Charles' ships were gathering at Messina, ready to begin the campaign when a riot—known as the Sicilian Vespers—broke out on 30 March 1282. [177] Another fleet was gathering at Messina to start the crusade against the Byzantine Empire. [221] However, tensions between the Aragonese and the Sicilians had begun to rise. [101] Pope Clement died on 29 November 1268. [75] The consolidation of Charles' power in Northern Italy also alarmed Clement. In Kordé, Zoltán; Petrovics, István. [35] The pope first offered the Regno to Richard of Cornwall, but Richard did not want to fight against Frederick's son, Conrad IV of Germany. [222] Pope Martin declared the war against Aragon a crusade and conferred the kingdom upon Philip III of France's son, Charles of Valois, on 2 February 1284. [208][209] [29] He received military assistance from his brother, Alphonse. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). [39] Ignoring Louis IX's 1246 ruling that Hainaut should pass to John, she promised the county to Charles. [197] Charles ordered the transfer of soldiers and ships from Achaea to Sicily, but could not stop the spread of the revolt to Calabria. [153][154], Charles' coat-of-arms from 1277: Anjou ancient and the arms of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, Charles appointed Roger of San Severino to administer the Kingdom of Jerusalem as his bailiff. [56][58] Pope Urban died before the final agreement was concluded. [84][85] [24] They captured Damietta and decided to attack Cairo in November. pp. [70] Neither could Charles achieve the commoners' loyalty, especially because he continued levying an irksome tax, the subventio generalis, although the popes had declared it an illegal charge. [32] Charles abolished local tools and promoted shipbuilding and cereal trade. [75], Victories by the Ghibellines—the Hohenstaufens' supporters—forced the pope to request Charles to send his troops to Tuscany. [154][165] He appointed the unpopular senechal of Sicily, Galeran of Ivry, his baillif in Achaea. [80] According to the first treaty, Villehardouin acknowledged Charles' suzerainty and made Charles' younger son, Philip, his heir, also stipulating that Charles would inherit Achaea if Philip died childless. [166] A Byzantine army of relief under Michael Tarchaneiotes and John Synadenos arrived in March 1281. Charles I, byname Charles Of Anjou, Italian Carlo D’angiò, (born March 1226—died Jan. 7, 1285, Foggia, Kingdom of Naples [Italy]), king of Naples and Sicily (1266–85), the first of the Angevin dynasty, and creator of a great but short-lived Mediterranean empire. [174] Sully was ambushed and captured, his army put to flight and the interior of Albania was lost to the Byzantines. [62] The crusaders from France and Provence—reportedly 6,000 fully equipped mounted warriors, 600 mounted bowmen and 20,000 foot soldiers—arrived to Rome ten days later. His victories secured his undisputed leadership among the popes' Italian partisans (known as Guelphs), but his influence on papal elections and his strong military presence in Italy disturbed the popes. [267] Dante described Charles—"who bears a manly nose"—singing peacefully together with his one-time rival, Peter III of Aragon, in the Purgatory. [18][19] He rarely visited his two counties and appointed baillies (or regents) to administer them. [92][93] Pope Clement urged Charles to return to the Regno, but he continued his campaign in Tuscany until March 1268. [192] On the other hand, Michael VIII would later claim that he "was God's instrument in bringing freedom to the Sicilians" in his memoirs. [96], Conradin was captured at Torre Astura. [63][64] He left Rome on 20 January 1266. [188] Furthermore, Charles who seized large estates in the island in the late 1260s almost exclusively employed French and Provençal clercs to administer the royal demesne. He accompanied Louis during the Seventh Crusade to Egypt. Being a younger child, destined to Church career, Charles had not received an appanage (a hereditary county or duchy) from his father. He seized Provence and Forcalquier through his marriage to their heiress, Beatrice. [53] The mediation of James I of Aragon brought about a settlement with Marseilles: its fortifications were dismantled and the townspeople surrendered their arms, but the town retained its autonomy. [164] [263] Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi's medical encyclopaedia, known as Kitab al-Hawi, was one of the books translated at his order. [226] He was furious at Charles of Salerno and his disobedience. [173] Charles returned to Tuscany and laid siege to the fortress of Poggibonsi, but he could capture it only at the end of November.
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