According to Nietzsche. He frequently made remarks in his writing that some view as misogynistic. In "Nietzsche and Fascists," he argued against such instrumentalization, by the left or the right, declaring that Nietzsche's aim was to by-pass the short timespan of modern politics, and its inherent lies and simplifications, for a greater historical timespan. Or have you once experienced a tremendous moment, in which you would answer him: "Thou art a god, and never have I heard anything more divine!" Von Hartmann suggested that Schopenhauer was the only philosopher who has been systematically studied by Nietzsche.[111]. The reason for his insanity is still unknown, although historians have attributed it to causes as varied as syphilis, an inherited brain disease, a tumor and overuse of sedative drugs. Works such as Bruce Detwiler's Nietzsche and the Politics of Aristocratic Radicalism (University of Chicago Press, 1990), Fredrick Appel's Nietzsche Contra Democracy (Cornell University Press, 1998), and Domenico Losurdo's Nietzsche, il ribelle aristocratico (Turin: Bollati Boringhieri, 2002) challenge the prevalent liberal interpretive consensus on Nietzsche and assert that Nietzsche's elitism was not merely an aesthetic pose but an ideological attack on the widely held belief in equal rights of the modern West, locating Nietzsche in the conservative-revolutionary tradition. In his opposition to Christian tradition and modern philosophy Nietzsche also criticized the concepts of soul, subject and atomism (that is, the existence of an atomic subject at the foundation of everything, found for example in social contract theories). His books were unavailable to the public in the Soviet Union since 1923. In the second part of this aphorism, which according to Bataille contained the most important parts of Nietzsche's political thought, the thinker of the Eternal Return stated: No, we do not love humanity; but on the other hand we are not nearly "German" enough, in the sense in which the word "German" is constantly being used nowadays, to advocate nationalism and race hatred and to be able to take pleasure in the national scabies of the heart and blood poisoning that now leads the nations of Europe to delimit and barricade themselves against each other as if it were a matter of quarantine. He wrote that liberalism is synonymous with mediocrity and believed also that it leads to cultural decay. He also began to distance himself from classical scholarship, as well as the teachings of Schopenhauer, and to take more interest in the values underlying modern-day civilization. Although he volunteered for the Franco-Prussian war, he soon became critical of Prussian militarism, mostly because of his disillusionment in German culture and national politics, but didn't renounce militarism in general. The Swiss philosopher Jean Piaget (1896-1980) believed that autonomy comes from within and results from a "free decision". [citation needed], Nietzsche's view on eternal return is similar to that of Hume: "the idea that an eternal recurrence of blind, meaningless variation—chaotic, pointless shuffling of matter and law—would inevitably spew up worlds whose evolution through time would yield the apparently meaningful stories of our lives. Nietzsche believed that if socialist goals are achieved society would be leveled down and conditions for superior individuals and higher culture would disappear. The eternal hourglass will again and again be turned—and you with it, dust of dust!" If you see something that doesn't look right, contact us! Have you grasped nothing of the reason why I am in the world? These accursed anti-Semite deformities shall not sully my ideal!! [29], In the context of his criticism of morality and Christianity, expressed, among others works, in On the Genealogy of Morals and in The Antichrist, Nietzsche often criticized humanitarian feelings, detesting how pity and altruism were ways for the "weak" to take power over the "strong". [117] If life is worthless, then this must be used to attain a state of complete fearlessness. [The Gay Science (1882), p. 341 (passage translated in Danto 1965, p. German Romantic composer, pianist and conductor Felix Mendelssohn wrote the Overture to a 'Midsummer Night's Dream' and founded the Leipzig Conservatory of Music. Nietzsche suffered a collapse in 1889 while living in Turin, Italy. These considerations led Nietzsche to the idea of eternal recurrence. [57] He described Rousseau as "moral tarantula", his ideas as "idiocies and half-truths" that were born out of self-contempt and inflamed vanity, claimed that he held a grudge against the ruling classes and by moralizing he tried to blame them for his own misery. A laughingstock or established embarrassment. The term "aristocratic radicalism" was first used by Georg Brandes to which Nietzsche responded: The expression Aristocratic Radicalism, which you employ, is very good. [20][21] He was against equality of rights[22][23][24] and defended slavery, believing that it's a necessary condition for supporting an upper class which could devote itself to more sophisticated, creative activities. Although he blamed Jews for inventing the religious slave morality which preceded Christianity and undermined the aristocratic Roman Empire,[92] he also often praised Jewish intelligence and achievements. Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche was born on October 15, 1844, in Röcken bei Lützen, a small village in Prussia (part of present-day Germany). "use strict";(function(){var insertion=document.getElementById("citation-access-date");var date=new Date().toLocaleDateString(undefined,{month:"long",day:"numeric",year:"numeric"});insertion.parentElement.replaceChild(document.createTextNode(date),insertion)})(); Subscribe to the Biography newsletter to receive stories about the people who shaped our world and the stories that shaped their lives. [94] Instead he praised European identity and integration. German philosopher and revolutionary socialist Karl Marx published 'The Communist Manifesto' and 'Das Kapital,' anticapitalist works that form the basis of Marxism. [79], One of the themes that Nietzsche often used to explain social phenomena was mixing of the races. [11][12][13] Despite his proclaimed contempt for daily politics and culture of newspaper reading, Nietzsche did comment on contemporary political events in his letters and notes. Despite occasional reverence for ancient Germanic conquests and his identification of upper class with blond, dolichocephalic type,[87] Nietzsche's ideas do not have much in common with Nordicism. Brobjer believes Kierkegaard is one of "those moralists". [3]" There, he called Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche "Elisabeth Judas-Förster," recalling Nietzsche's declaration: "To never frequent anyone who is involved in this bare-faced fraud concerning races."[3]. German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche is known for his writings on good and evil, the end of religion in modern society and the concept of a "super-man." [58][59][60] He named him together with Savonarola, Martin Luther, Robespierre and Saint-Simon as fanatics, “sick intellects” who influence masses and stand in opposition to strong spirits. https://www.biography.com/scholar/friedrich-nietzsche. He stated in Twilight of the Idols (1888) "Women are considered profound. [115] Mainländer is a hedonist[116] and the goal of his ethics to indicate how man can reach the highest happiness. He occasionally also praised non-European cultures, such as Moors, Incas and Aztecs, claiming that they were superior to their European conquerors. The book is divided into four chapters which collectively are intended to span the breadth of Nietzsche’s philosophy. One of these was his famous statement that "God is dead," a rejection of Christianity as a meaningful force in contemporary life. Alain LeRoy Locke was a philosopher best known for his writing on and support of the Harlem Renaissance. I teach you the Übermensch. Nietzsche attended a private preparatory school in Naumburg and then received a classical education at the prestigious Schulpforta school. [44] He praised Napoleon for reviving the warlike, aristocratic spirit which triumphed over the ″modern ideas”, over “the businessman and the philistine”. Schopenhauer directly influenced this theory. [65]. Nietzsche's political ideas were variously interpreted as aristocratic radicalism[9], Bonapartism[10], proto-fascism, individualist anarchism, with some authors describing him as apolitical, anti-political or political sceptic. Since then I've had difficulty coming up with any of the tenderness and protectiveness I've so long felt toward you. For Nietzsche, modern politics rests largely on a secular inheritance of Christian values (he interprets the socialist doctrine of equality in terms of a secularization of the Christian belief in the equality of all souls before God" (On the Genealogy of Morality, Ansell-Pearson and Diethe, eds., Cambridge University Press, 1994, p. 9). Nietzsche was clear that no one would ever fully achieve this status. A lot of his criticism is linked to his view of Christianity; he called socialism "residue of Christianity and of Rousseau in the de-Christianised world". Man is something that shall be overcome. Dennett, D. C. (1995), Darwin's Dangerous Idea: Evolution and the Meanings of Life, Simon & Schuster.
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